In addition to the well-established spin-transfer torque, two new torques are shown to arise from the spin-relaxation process and the nonadiabatic process reflection of conduction electrons. These new torques act as forces on a rigid wall. Some related topics are described in the third part, which includes current-driven dynamics of magnetic vortices and the current-induced spin-wave instability and domain-wall nucleation.
This textbook is aimed at engineering students who are likely to come across magnetics applications in their professional practice. Whether designing lithography equipment containing ferromagnetic brushes, or detecting defects in aeronautics, some basic knowledge of 21st century magnetism is needed.
From the magnetic tape on the pocket credit card to the read head in a personal computer, people run into magnetism in many products. Furthermore, in a variety of disciplines tools of the trade exploit magnetic principles, and many interdisciplinary laboratory research areas cross paths with magnetic phenomena that may seem mysterious to the untrained mind. Therefore, this course offers a broad coverage of magnetism topics encountered more often in this millenium, revealing key concepts on which many practical applications rest.
Although sometimes some aspects may seem difficult to comprehend at first, bibliography directs the reader to appropriate further study. Throughout the chapters, the student is encouraged to discover the not-so-obvious associations between different magnetics topics, a task that will prove to be at the very least rewarding. Novel magnetotransport phenomena appear when magnet sizes become nanoscale.
Typical examples of such phenomena are giant magnetoresistance GMR in magnetic multilayers, tunnel magnetoresistance TMR in ferromagnetic tunnel junctions, and ballistic magnetoresistance BMR in magnetic nanocontacts. In this chapter, we first briefly review the relationship between spin-dependent resistivity and electronic structures in metals and alloys, and describe microscopic methods for investigating electrical transport.
We then review the essential aspects of GMR, TMR, and BMR, emphasizing the role of the electronic structures of the constituent metals of these junctions and the effects of roughness on the electrical resistivity or resistance.
For TMR, several factors are shown to be important in determining the MR ratio, including the shape of the Fermi surface of the electrodes, the symmetry of the wave functions, electron scattering at interfaces, and spin-slip tunneling. TMR in granular films and in the Coulomb-blockade regime is also described. These MR effects are attributed to the spin-dependent electrical currents produced in metallic ferromagnets.
After the discovery of these different MR effects, the role of spin current was proposed, for example, spin Hall effect and the effects of spin transfer torque, which will be briefly explained in this chapter. The former orginates from the spin—orbit interaction, and can be observed even in nonmagnetic metals and semiconductors. It is closely related to the anomalous Hall effect observed in ferromagnetic metals. The spin transfer torque is an inverse effect of the MR. The MR is the resistivity change produced by magnetization rotation in ferromagnetic junctions, while the spin transfer torque is an effect in which spin-polarized current makes the magnetization rotate.
Finally, we briefly introduce the coupled effects of spin, charge, and heat transport, which are called spin caloritronics. This volume presents introductory appendices and panels on quantum mechanics, statistical mechanics, and other topics. The second edition of this book on nanomagnetism presents the basics and latest studies of low-dimensional magnetic nano-objects.
It highlights the intriguing properties of nanomagnetic objects, such as thin films, nanoparticles, nanowires, nanotubes, nanodisks and nanorings as well as novel phenomena like spin currents. It also describes how nanomagnetism was an important factor in the rapid evolution of high-density magnetic recording and is developing into a decisive element of spintronics.
Further, it presents a number of biomedical applications. With exercises and solutions, it serves as a graduate textbook. This book contains 21 invited articles related to suggestive and relevant aspects of Magnetism. O'Handley, B. Heinrich and A. I also wish to thank the publishers for their advice and help in organizing the book.
Typical requirements on cost, capacity, and performance of today's magnetic storage devices and industry trends in these attributes are given. Scaling components, devices, and materials is shown to be a key factor in further improvement, Challenges to continued scaling are reviewed, particularly as they relate to magnetic nano-structures, materials, and characterization techniques. It presents the first comprehensive summary of fundamental noise mechanisms in both electronic and spintronic devices and is therefore unique in that aspect.
The pedagogic introduction to noise is complemented by a detailed description of how one could set up a noise measurement experiment in the lab. A further extensive description of the recent progress in understanding and controlling noise in spintronics, including the boom in 2D devices, molecular spintronics, and field sensing, is accompanied by both numerous bibliography references and tens of case studies on the fundamental aspects of noise and on some important qualitative steps to understand noise in spintronics.
Moreover, a detailed discussion of unsolved problems and outlook make it an essential textbook for scientists and students desiring to exploit the information hidden in noise in both spintronics and conventional electronics.
Skip to content. The gate provides magnetic field. Current is modulated by the degree of precession in electron spin. Limitations Controlling spin for long distances. Difficult to Inject and Measure spin. Interference of fields with nearest elements. Control of spin in silicon is difficult.
Application of Spin Position and motion sensing in computer video games. Magnetic storage is nonvolatile. Missile guidance. Semiconductor lasers using spin-polarised electrical. With lack of dissipation, spintronics may be the best mechanism for creating ever smaller devices. Researchers and scientists are taking keen interest.
Universities and electronics industries are collaborating. Theres huge race going on around the world in exploring Spintronics. Open navigation menu. Close suggestions Search Search. User Settings. Skip carousel. Gimzewski JK, Joachim C. Nanoscale science of single molecules using local probes.
Fabrication of metallic electrodes with nanometer separation by electromigration. Appl Phys Lett , , Mechanically adjustable and electrically gated single-molecule transistors. Nano Lett , , 5 2 : — Single-molecule transport in three-terminal devices. J Phys: Condens Matter , , Single-electron transport in ropes of carbon nanotubes. Individual single-wall carbon nanotubes as quantum wires. Nature , , Chaotic dirac billiard in graphene quantum dots. Tunable graphene single electron transistor.
Nano Lett , , 8: Kastner MA. Artificial atoms. Physics Today , , Few-electron quantum dots. Rep Prog Phys , , Spins in few-electron quantum dots. Rev Mod Phys , , Mesoscopic Electron Transport. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Carlin LR. Book Google Scholar. Kahn O. Molecular Magnetism. Google Scholar. Miller JS. Magnetism: Molecules to Materials. J Am Chem Soc , , 25 : — J Am Chem Soc , , 5 : — Magnetic bistability in a metal-ion cluster.
Nature , , : — Effect of a transverse magnetic field on resonant magnetization tunneling in high-spin molecules. J Appl Phys , , 1 8 : — Article Google Scholar. Macroscopic measurement of resonant magnetization tunneling in high-spin molecules. Phys Rev Lett , , 76 20 : — Macroscopic quantum tunnelling of magnetization in a single crystal of nanomagnets.
Macroscopic quantum tunneling in molecular magnets. J Mag Mag Mater , , 1—3 : — Wernsdorfer W. Quantum dynamics in molecular nanomagnets. Comptes Rendus Chimie , , 11 10 : — Wernsdorfer W, Sessoli R. Quantum phase interference and parity effects in magnetic molecular clusters. Jones JA. Quantum computing-Fast searches with nuclear magnetic resonance computers.
Spectroscopic measurements of discrete electronic states in single metal particles. Phys Rev Lett , , Studies of spin-orbit scattering in noble-metal nanoparticles using energy-level tunneling spectroscopy. Zero-dimensional states and single electron charging in quantum dots. Shell filling and spin effects in a few electron quantum dot. Ashoori RC. Electrons in artificial atoms. Coulomb blockade and the Kondo effect in single-atom transistors.
Electronic excitations of a single molecule contacted in a three-terminal configuration. Nano Lett , , 7: Local gate control of a carbon nanotube double quantum dot.
Transport through graphene double dots. Appl Phys Lett , , 94 22 : Tunable few-electron double quantum dots and Klein tunnelling in ultraclean carbon nanotubes. Nat Nanotechnol , , 4: Kondo effect in a single-electron transistor. Kondo physics in carbon nanotubes. Nature , , — Bharath Kumar Patrudu. Manas Ranjan Jena. Harish Manikandan. Uma Kalyani. Sandeep Hnayak. Gokaran Shukla. Abhishek Paikray. Vishnu Kraj. Popular in Force. Bettina Sanchez. Felix Alfredo Vilchez Tupayachi.
Michael Dillard. Ahmad Ammar.
0コメント